Applying Forensic Accounting Techniques Using SQL and Python

Click here to access demo code for this presentation.

The source code is licensed under the terms offered by the GPL.

Jupyter Notebooks

If you are not familiar with Jupyter notebooks, I have a guide on how to install Jupyter on Windows. This will allow you to try the notebooks out on your own.

Data Sets

Here are links for the individual data sets used in this talk. Please note that the versions I have archived are for specific points in time, so the data format may change, and the data itself will likely have changed. For the actual data sets I use, check out the demo code above.

• Durham crime set.
• Wake County financial transactions.
• Durham city budget.
• Raleigh police incidents.
• North Carolina town and city populations.

Wake County Transportation Fraud

• WRAL did an excellent job of covering the Wake County school bus fraud case. You can read all of their stories online.
• The North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation (SBI) has a review of several white-collar crime cases, and Wake County transportation fraud starts on page 13.
• Paul Zikmund reviewed the case as well as several others.
• Michael East covered this case as well as several others. The regression analysis slide I show an image of in my presentation comes from this talk.

Benford's Law

Benford's Law is one of the most interesting numeral analysis findings, given its wide-ranging and unexpected appearances in data sets.

• I have a quick post on Benford's Law.
• Antoinette Lynch has an article on using Benford's Law for fraud detection.
• Statistical Consultants, Ltd. provides probability tables for Benford out to two digits.
• Tomaz Kastrun explains Benford's Law using R.
• Mark Nigrini has written the book on Benford's Law as it applies to fraud analysis.

Fraud Detection Techniques

Although I did not use most of the techniques in this section, I want to provide links for people interested in learning more.

• I am indebted to Mike Blakley, whose slide deck on fraud analysis techniques formed a great deal of the basis for my talk.
• The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test helps explain if two data sets are significantly different.
• Chi Squared Tests have several important uses in statistical analysis.
• Vasileios Megalooikonomou at Temple University has a Power Point slide deck explaining how to determine association rules using the apriori algorithm.
• Christian Borgelt has an open source implementation of the apriori algorithm.

SQL Server Techniques

• David Smith shows off a credit card fraud detection algorithm with SQL Server R Services.
• Dejan Sarka has a great series on fraud detection using SQL Server.
• Itzik Ben-Gan explains how to solve the Gaps and Islands problem in SQL Server 2012.
• Ed Pollack has a detailed explanation of the Gaps and Islands problem.
• Ed also has a slide deck and demo for his advanced-level session on gap analysis.
• If you need a non-disk tally table, here is a good script.

Other Fun Topics

• Jay Zhou explains a check fraud analysis product at Citizens Bank.
• I reference an online Bangladesh bank heist using the SWIFT system in the talk.
• One of the original association rule analyses was the beer and diapers study.
• Mike Blakley has a paper entitled SQL as an Audit Tool. The ungated version is (was?) on his company site. You can get the paper itself through the journal, though that'll probably cost you.
• If you are interested in learning a lot more about regression, I highly recommend Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach by Jeffrey M. Wooldridge. I bought a used copy for about the same price as the paperback edition.